acibiibi

Acibiibi, chefes e outras antepassadas femininas: um ensaio fotográfico sobre o relato de histórias orais no norte de Moçambique

Traduzido por João Figueiredo

Acibiibi, Chefes e Outras Antepassadas Femininas’ é uma série fotográfica que documenta um projeto de história oral ainda em curso, sobre as mudanças históricas que condicionam o poder político e espiritual das mulheres do povo Yaawo do Niassa, no norte de Moçambique.

Recorrendo a fotogramas de vídeos de entrevistas e a retratos das principais narradoras e narradores, esta série explora as formas como o tempo quotidiano das nossas vidas e o tempo mais profundo (o tempo dos nossos antepassados) se entrelaçam e interagem nos encontros em que histórias orais são contadas.

Os Yaawo têm uma longa história de chefes femininas (mweenye vaakoongwe) e de outras figuras de autoridade política e espiritual (conhecidas primeiro como biibi [pl. acibiibi] e angaanga e, depois, como rainha). Apesar do sistema de chefatura, que é condicionado pelo género, e do próprio formato do poder feminino terem mudado significativamente ao longo do tempo, continuam a existir acibiibi, e algumas comunidades têm mulheres enquanto chefes. 

Hoje, as acibiibi são recordadas não só nas narrativas de história oral das dinastias de chefes Yaawo que emergiram em meados do século XIX, como também em histórias familiares mais pessoais.

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Contando Histórias. Aku-Siwona Sayidi, Selsa Saidi, A-Siyatu Mwaamadi, A-Biibi Bonomadi e Helena Baide (a minha co-entrevistadora) em Ligogolo, 2019.

PART 1: Chiefs, grandmothers and other great female ancestors

‘Chiefs, grandmothers and other great female ancestors’ is the first photo essay in a three-part series documenting an ongoing oral history project on the historical changes of women’s political and spiritual power among the Yaawo people in Niassa, northern Mozambique.

Using both still images from interview videos as well as portraits of key narrators, it explores the ways that the time of our lives and deeper time (or the times of our ancestors) intertwine and interact in the oral history encounters.

The Yaawo have a long history of female chiefs (mweenye vaakoongwe) and other female figures of spiritual and political authority (known as biibi [pl. acibiibi] and angaanga, and later as rainha). And while the gendered system of chieftaincy and the shape of female power has undergone many significant changes through time—acibiibi still exist, and some communities have female chiefs.

These days the acibiibi are remembered in oral historical narratives of the Yaawo chiefly dynasties that emerged around the mid-nineteenth century but also in more personal family histories.

History-telling. Aku-Siwona Sayidi, Selsa Saidi, A-Siyatu Mwaamadi, A-Biibi Bonomadi, and Helena Baide (my co-interviewer) in Ligogolo, 2019.

Mapping names and tracing histories in landscape

The above map (still very much a rough draft!) shows some of the names (and stories) of the acibiibi I have managed to trace through my interviews over the past six weeks. Some narratives are more local, and their reach is more limited, while the fame of other acibiibi has captured the imagination of people more widely.

Acivaanjila is the most famous biibi (later recognized as rainha by the Portuguese colonial government). While the exceptionality of this woman is widely admitted, contradictory stories exist concerning the source of her power as well as her rise to fame.

Ce-Ngulupe, the first female chief, and the birth of the Nam’paanda dynasty at Mount Unangu

I have been circling Mount Unangu this week, conducting interviews on the territorial chieftaincies that rose to power in this area in the mid-1800s (before the arrival of the Portuguese) and the oral narratives of the first chiefs and acibiibi.

Unsurprisingly, Mount Unangu also features prominently in this oral history.

Mount Unangu seen from the direction of Mapudje